来源 | ACS AEM 材料分析与应用编辑

链接 | https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.5c03651

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文章导读

相变材料（PCMs）在热辐射减弱、热舒适性提升及热防护增强方面具有显著的热管理潜力。然而，其实际应用因渗漏、导热性低、脆性等问题受到显著制约。

近日，江南大学蔡以兵教授团队在《ACS Appl. Energy Mater.》期刊发表名为“Construction of a Melamine Foam Scaffold with Vapor-Grown Carbon Fiber toward Fabricating Phase Change Composite Applied in Thermal Management of Firefighting Protection”的论文，研究通过构建多孔复合支架来应对这些挑战，该支架以三聚氰胺泡沫（MF）为模板，采用气相生长碳纤维（VGCF）作为高导热介质。

首先采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）作为分散剂使VGCF均匀分散，随后将其嵌入MF基体中，在整个支架内构建三维导热网络（PCF/MFx），该结构随后被用于封装聚乙二醇（PEG）热存储单元。所得相变复合材料（PEG–PCF/MF0.7）展现出显著增强的导热性，其导热系数达到无VGCF对照样品（PEG-MF）的2.57倍。该材料同时具备卓越的光热转换能力与优异的热能存储性能，潜热值高达140.0 J·g–1，焓效率超过93%。将PEG–PCF/MF0.7集成至手套后，经烘箱测试验证其热防护时长延长352%，证实该材料在消防手套热防护应用领域具有显著潜力。

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图文导读

图1、Schematic diagram of the preparation process of PEG–PCF/MFx.

图2. Characterization of the PCF: SEM images of (a) VGCF and (b) PCF; (c) comparison of VGCF (A) and PCF (B) solutions before and after 8 h standing; (d) absorbance values at 500 nm for VGCF and PCF; (e) FTIR spectra of VGCF, PVP, and PCF; (f) XRD patterns of PVP, VGCF, and PCF; (g) TGA curves of VGCF and PCF; (h) PVP-assisted VGCF dispersion mechanism.

图3. SEM images of (a1–2) MF, (b1–2) PCF/MF0.1, (c1–2) PCF/MF0.4, (d1–2) PCF/MF0.7, and (e1–2) PCF/MF1.0; (f) FTIR spectra of PCF/MFx, PCF, and MF; (g) XRD patterns of representative sample (i.e., PCF/MF0.7), PCF, and MF.

图4. SEM images of (a) PEG-MF, (b) PEG–PCF/MF0.1, (c) PEG–PCF/MF0.4, (d) PEG–PCF/MF0.7, and (e) PEG–PCF/MF1.0; (f) FTIR spectra of representative sample (i.e., PEG–PCF/MF0.7), PEG-MF, PEG; (g) XRD patterns of representative sample (i.e., PEG–PCF/MF0.7), PEG-MF, PEG; (h) compressive stress–strain curves of PEG–PCF/MFx and PEG-MF at 60 °C; (i) leakage-proof test for PEG–PCF/MFx, PEG-MF, PEG; (j) mass variations of PEG–PCF/MFx, PEG-MF, and PEG during the leakage test.

图5. (a) DSC curves of PEG and PEG–PCF/MFx; (b) heat enthalpy values and enthalpy efficiency of samples; (c) comparison of heat enthalpy and enthalpy efficiency with other works; (d) melting/crystallization peak temperatures and onset melting/crystallization temperatures of samples; (e) DSC curves of PEG–PCF/MF0.7 after different thermal cycles; (f) TGA curves of MF, PEG, PCF/MF0.7, and representative sample (i.e., PEG–PCF/MF0.7); (g) DTG curves of MF, PEG, PCF/MF0.7, and representative sample (i.e., PEG–PCF/MF0.7).

图6. (a) Schematic of the photothermal test setup; (b) temperature–time curves of PEG-MF and PEG–PCF/MFx under simulated sunlight and darkness; (c) temperature–time curves of PEG–PCF/MF0.7 under different light intensities; (d) mechanism of photothermal conversion and thermal energy storage/release for PEG–PCF/MFx.

图7. (a) Schematic of the protective glove structure and its layers; (b) temperature–time curves of glove samples under oven heating; (c) duration time comparison of glove samples under oven heating; (d) temperature–time curves of glove samples under hot plate heating; (e) duration time comparison of glove samples under hot plate heating; (f) cycle stability test of the Embedded PCM glove.

综上所述，本研究通过将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮分散的碳黑纤维（VGCF）引入木质纤维素（MF）支架，成功构建出具有三维导热网络的多孔复合支架，并通过聚乙二醇（PEG）真空浸渍工艺制备出相变复合材料（PEG–PCF/MFx）。该复合材料不仅实现了高PEG负载量（>97 wt%）且无渗漏，还显著提升了导热性能，具备高热焓值、优异的光热转换能力及长期循环稳定性。将PEG–PCF/MF0.7集成至手套后，在辐射热和接触热测试中分别将达到灼伤阈值的时间延长352%和844%，彰显其卓越的热防护潜力。这项创新成果凸显了其在先进热防护与热管理领域的广阔应用前景。后续研究可进一步探索将该复合材料集成至全套消防服，并评估其在真实环境条件下的长期稳定性，以推动其实际应用。

相变材料经过多年的研究发展，正处于产业化的黎明前夕。由 北京大学邹如强教授、华南理工大学张正国教授、深圳大学崔宏志教授 担任主席， 天津工业大学张兴祥教授担任大会顾问的 第三届相变材料创新与应用论坛 定于 2026年4月16-18日 在 广州 召开。

论坛以“智启相变・赋力千行”为主题，聚焦PCM材料开发及前沿探索、电池热管理、建筑/空调等固定式场景储能应用、冷链物流/储热车等分布式场景应用、电子与高端装备热管理及PCM智能纺织品等热点话题，旨在促进相变领域学术界和企业界之间的交流与合作，探讨行业最新前沿和突破，推进技术与应用创新。诚邀领域专家、学者学生，以及产业界人士共同参与，共同推进相变产业新未来。